Những cách diễn đạt trong bài báo khoa học (phần 1)

[hangphan]

Liên quan đến vấn đề viết báo khoa học hay luận án, có khi nào bạn cảm thấy không biết bắt đầu câu văn như thế nào? Tôi nghĩ chắc là có. Kinh nghiệm của tôi ngày xưa là như thế. Có khi nghĩ cả ngày mà chưa ra câu văn đầu tiên là gì, viết sao cho “ấn tượng”, mặc dù đã có ý tưởng rồi. Trong khoa học có nhiều câu văn “quen quen” mà chúng ta có thể dùng một cách luân phiên để cho bài báo hay luận án đọc cho suôn. Tôi đã sưu tầm nhiều câu văn như thế, và trong loạt bài này sẽ chia sẻ cùng các bạn.

Người ta thường hay nói “vạn sự khởi đầu nan”, và tôi thấy câu này rất thích hợp trong việc viết bài báo khoa học. Sau khi đã làm xong thí nghiệm, hay làm xong nghiên cứu, với một đống số liệu, và những ý tưởng khá rõ ràng, chúng ta có khi không biết bắt đầu câu văn như thế nào. Đó là tâm trạng chung của rất nhiều nghiên cứu sinh khi mới bắt đầu viết báo khoa học hay viết luận án. Đó cũng là tâm trạng của người trình bày trong hội thảo: phải bắt đầu bằng câu nói gì cho hay, để gây sự chú ý của khán giả. Kinh nghiệm của tôi cho thấy câu văn đầu mà trôi chảy thì bài nói chuyện hay bài báo khoa học sẽ trôi chảy theo.

Nhưng trong bài báo khoa học có nhiều phần, và mỗi phần có chức năng khác nhau, cho nên câu văn cũng phải phù hợp với những chức năng cụ thể. Sau đây là những câu văn mà các bạn có thể sử dụng để tô thêm màu sắc cho bài báo khoa học:

Những câu văn nhằm thuyết phục tầm quan trọng của vấn đề:
One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philososphy is
It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the
X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries.
X is a common disorder characterised by
X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.
In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ......
In the history of development A, X has been thought of as a key factor in
Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and
Xs are the most potent anti-infammatory agents known.
X is a major public health problem, and the cause of about 10% of the global burden of disease.
X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics.

Nói về tầm quan trọng với thời gian tính
Recent developments in X have heightened the need for ......
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ......
Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in ......
Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ......
The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many .......
The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of......
Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in ......
One of the most important events of the 1970s was ......
Traditionally, Xs have subscribed to the belief that ......
X proved an important literary genre in the early Y community.
The changes experienced by Xs over the past decade remain unprecedented.
Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and have been extensively used for decades to .......

Nhấn mạnh vấn đề trong nghiên cứu
However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......
However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......
Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ......
There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......
Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......

Mô tả một tình trạng “controversy” trong chuyên ngành
To date there has been little agreement on what ......
More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about .....
One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......
In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......
The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ……
This concept has recently been challenged by ……. studies demonstrating …….
One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philososphy is ......
One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......
In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......
The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......
The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of .......
The issue has grown in importance in light of recent ......
One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns ......
One major issue in early X research concerned.......

Viết về khoảng trống tri thức trong chuyên ngành
So far, however, there has been little discussion about ......
However, far too little attention has been paid to ......
Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
In addition, no research has been found that surveyed .......
So far this method has only been applied to ......
Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for .....
However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ......
The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......
However, there is no reliable evidence that ......

Những câu văn viết về mục tiêu nghiên cứu
This paper will focus on/examine/give an account of ......
The objectives of this research are to determine whether ......
This paper seeks to address the following questions:
This essay critically examines/discusses/traces ......
The purpose of this paper is to review recent research into the ......
This paper will review the research conducted on ......
In this paper I argue that .....
This chapter reviews the literature concerning the usefulness of using ......
The aim of this paper is to determine/examine ......
The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate ......

Những câu văn giới thiệu cấu trúc của bài báo (thích hợp cho bài báo tổng quan)
The main questions/issues addressed in this paper are: a), b and c).
This paper has been divided into four parts. The first part deals with ......
The essay has been organised in the following way.
This paper first gives a brief overview of the recent history of X.
This paper begins by ...... It will then go on to ......
The first section of this paper will examine ......
Finally, .......

Chapter 2 begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ......
Chapter 3 describes the design, synthesis, characterization and evaluation of ......
The last chapter assesses the ......

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Đề cập đến các nghiên cứu trước
Many authors have argued that ...... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994)
Numerous studies have attempted to explain ..... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)

Recent evidence suggests that ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)
Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can ...... (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).
Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ......

Several attempts have been made to ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)
Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ...... (Smith, 1996; Jones .......
Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an ........ account, whilst Jones .....
Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ......
Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesity

Previous studies have reported ...... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992).
Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ......
A number of studies have found that ...... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).

Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between .......
At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between......
Other studies have considered the relationship ......

The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, .......
The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).
The geology of X has been addressed in several smallscale investigations and .......

Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1).
X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine-induced arthritis (11).

It has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995)
It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ......
It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to ...... (Smith, 1998; ......


Đề cập đến kiến thức hiện hành
A relationship exists between an individual's working memory and their ability to ...... (Jones et al.,1998).
GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; Jones, 1999).
There is an unambiguous relationship between spending on education and economic development (Rao, 1998).
X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).
MIF has been found to oppose the anti-infammatory actions of X on Y (Alourfi, 2004).

Đề cập đến một nghiên cứu trong quá khứ
Smith (1999):
- found that as levels of literacy and education of the population rise .............
- showed that reducing X to 190oC decreased ...... (see figure 2) .
- demonstrated that when the maximum temperature is exceeded .......

Jones et al. (2001):
- investigated the differential impact of formal and non-formal education on ......
- analysed the data from 72 countries and concluded that .......
- reviewed the literature from the period and found little evidence for this claim.
- interviewed 250 undergraduate students using semi-structured questionnaires.
- performed a similar series of experiments in the 1960s to show that ......
- carried out a number of investigations into the ......
- conducted a series of trials in which he mixed X with different quantities of ....
- measured both components of the ......
- labelled these subsets as .......
- examined the flow of international students ...... ......
- identified parents of disabled children as .....
- used a survey to assess the various .......

Đề cập đến một nghiên cứu trong quá khứ với thời gian cụ thểIn 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described .....
In 1990 Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to ......
Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of Candida Albicans which .......
In the 1950s Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …………… (Myrdal, 1957)
In 1981, Smith and co workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to .......
In 1990, El-Guerrouj et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain ......
In 1984 Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as water-soluble pro-drugs.

Đề cập đến một nghiên cứu nổi tiếng
Preliminary work on X was undertaken by AbdulKarim (1992).
The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986.
The study of the structural behavior of X was first carried out by Rao et al. (1986)......
Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al (1983).

A recent study by Smith and Jones (2001) involved ......
A longitiudinal study of X by Smith (2002) reports that ......
A small scale study by Smith (2002) reaches different conclusions, finding no increase in ......
Smith's cross-country analysis (2002) showed that ......
Smith's comparative study (2002) found that ......
Detailed examination of X by Smith and Patel (1961) showed that ......

In another major study, Zhao (1974) found that just over half of the ......
In a radomised controlled study of X, Smith (2004) reported that ......
In a large longitudinal study, Boucahy et al. 2004) investigated the incidence of X in Y.

Classical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study ......
The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Douglas 1 in 1970
The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Baeyer in 1872
X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found ......
X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from ...... (Wang et al., 1952).
The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues (Ho et al. 1995 and 1998).
To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al (2005) compared ......

Đề cập đến những gì người ta viết trước đây
Smith (2003) identifies poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene and large families as the major causes of ......
Rao (2003) lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: ......
Smith (2003) traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century.
Jones(2003) provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to contemporary times.
Smith (2003) draws our attention to distinctive categories of motivational beliefs often observed in .......
Smith (2003) defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of .....
Rao (2003) highlights the need to break the link between economic growth and transport growth ......
Smith (2003) discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting ......
Toh (2003) mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of .....
Smith (2003) questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for ......
Smith (2003) considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as ......
Smith (2003) uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ......

Đề cập đến ý tưởng của tác giả khác
According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.
Đề cập đến ý tưởng của tác giả khác
According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.

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